拟单性木兰不同季节断根和剪枝后蒸腾和光合特性的变化

在2005年春季、夏季和秋季,对10a生拟单性木兰(Parakmeriaomeiensis)进行断根和剪枝处理,模拟移栽,用LICOR-6400测定了植株叶片的蒸腾速率、光合速率等生理指标,探讨这些生理指标对不同季节移栽成活率的影响。结果表明,春季处理后叶片能迅速关闭部分气孔,蒸腾速率和光合速率都减小,两者最低时约为对照的60%,生理机能的减弱有利于维持地上、地下部分的平衡,因而最有利于植株成活。夏季处理后叶片气孔导度显著增加,光合速率和蒸腾速率也随之增大,最高时约为对照的2倍左右,此时,若主要依靠剪枝来降低水分消耗,很难保证水分代谢平衡,移栽成活率低。秋季处理后植株叶片气孔导度高于对照,光合速率和蒸腾速率也增加,但增加幅度相对夏季较小,前期最高约增加40%,此时移栽可以通过适当的剪枝和增加土壤水分含量等措施提高成活率。可见,与水分相关的生理机能的调节机制,决定了移栽后的成活水平,即处理后能迅速调节自身生理机能、减少水分消耗的植株,成活率就高,反之就低。     

敌百虫对水丝蚓的毒害

采用急性毒性方法测定了被不同浓度敌百虫毒害的水丝蚓(Limnodilus hoffineisteri)半致死浓度(LC50),利用测定酶活性方法检测了水丝蚓超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的变化及中毒后水丝蚓喂饲的强壮水螅(Hydra robusta)SOD的改变。(1)敌百虫对水丝蚓48 h LC50为3.29 mg/L。敌百虫对水丝蚓SOD活性影响显著(P<0.05):在低浓度1~4 mg/L时,SOD活性呈上升趋势,但随浓度增加至5 mg/L,SOD活性开始下降。(2)用1~8 mg/L中毒后的水丝蚓依次喂饲水螅,SOD活性呈上升趋势。实验结果表明,敌百虫作为重要的杀虫剂或作为防治鱼病的药物,对水丝蚓造成胁迫,并在一定浓度范围内直接或间接地影响以其为食的动物的生存,以至危害生命。     

国产木兰科6属植物柱头表面形态比较

用扫描电镜对中国产木兰科单性木兰属、木兰属、木莲属、含笑属、拟单性木兰属和观光木属的42种植物柱头表面形态进行观察.结果表明,42种木兰科植物的柱头均为干柱头,包含单细胞乳突型和多细胞乳突型两类.单性木兰属和观光木属植物是单细胞乳突型;木莲属、含笑属和拟单性木兰属植物是多细胞乳突型;木兰属中木兰亚属植物两型均有,而玉兰亚属则均为多细胞乳突型.结合其他证据,本文支持单性木兰属、木莲属、含笑属、拟单性木兰属和观光木属的建立,并认为在系统学问题较复杂的木兰属中,玉兰亚属是一个相对独立的单系类群,将其独立成属也不无道理,而木兰亚属可能不是一个单系类群,还需要进一步的深入研究,积累更多的性状数据.     

Factors governing flower visitation patterns and quality of pollination services delivered by social and solitary bee species to coffee in central Uganda

In Uganda, information on visitation frequency of pollinator species visiting coffee flowers is absent, although such information is critical for the stability of coffee yield through the enhancement of pollination services. This study was conducted to understand the role played by local and environmental factors on the visitation intensity of coffee flowers by different bee species. Stepwise multiple regressions were used to investigate the effects of light intensity, distance to forest, foraging time of the day, coffee blooming season and abundance of coffee floral resources on the flower visitation frequency of different bee species. Results indicated contrasting responses of different bee species. The most important factors for social bees included forest distance, light intensity and the time of the day, whereas most determinant factors for solitary bee species were the length of the flowering season and the abundance of coffee floral resources. There is a need for developing habitat and landscape management strategies for the conservation of frequent native species in the vicinity of coffee fields to increase the delivery of pollination services to coffee. It is recommended to farmers to grow their coffee farms in the adjacent of forest habitats and related semi‐natural habitats to receive high bee visitations.     

野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群更新的影响

亚高山竹类占据着野生大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)食物组分的99%,竹子的生命周期与大熊猫的生活史密切相关,竹子的更新和生长直接影响着大熊猫的生存与保护.为了弄清大熊猫的采食利用和人为砍伐是否促进或制约竹子的繁殖更新,应用样方法、定位观察法,连续研究了卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地内野化培训大熊猫采食、人为砍伐和对照样方中拐棍竹无性系种群的更新动态.结果表明,在相同种群数量和环境条件的基础上(p>0.05),被大熊猫采食竹子的比例为67.07%,致死率29.07%;人为砍伐竹子的比例为65.67%,致死率46.68%,可见与大熊猫采食相比,砍伐更为影响拐棍竹种群的生存.从出笋数量来看,不同处理方式有利于拐棍竹无性系种群的更新(p<0.05),尤其是人为砍伐措施大大提高了竹子的出笋率,但人为砍伐样方的竹笋质量(地径和株高生长)却远低于大熊猫采食和对照样方,未能达到大熊猫觅食的选择利用标准.不同年份之间,各种处理方式下的拐棍竹出笋数量波动较大(p=0.006～0.035),并随着恢复时间的延长,逐渐趋于相似(2007,p=0 825).不同处理方式之间,拐棍竹无性系种群的年补充率,各年份均具有显著性差异(p<0.05,除2007年外),年死亡率仅2003年和2004年有明显的差异(p<0.05),2005～2007年均不显著(p>0.05).拐棍竹无性系种群的年补充率与年死亡率之间表现出年补充率﹥年死亡率的格局(p<0.05),唯有大熊猫采食样方的2004年和2005年、人为砍伐和对照样方的2005年的年死亡率略高于年补充率(p>0.05),这表明拐棍竹无性系种群对大熊猫采食和人为砍伐具有无性系整合的补偿效应.     

米兰山小橘(芸香科)的分类订正

对芸香科山小橘属米兰山小橘进行了分类订正,根据模式标本查阅及原始文献相关特征描述,该种属于楝科割舌树属已知种类,将其处理为割舌树的异名.     

不同林龄桉树人工林林下物种多样性和生物量的动态变化

采用空间代替时间法和典型抽样法,以四川省威远县桉树(Eucalyptus robusta)人工林为研究对象,综合分析其林下植被物种组成及重要值、灌木层和草本层地上、地下和全株生物量以及物种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H、Simpson优势度指数H′、丰富度指数D和Pielou均匀度指数JSW),探究林下植被的物种多样性和生物量在5个不同林龄(4,5,6,7,8年生)下的动态变化及二者之间的相关性。结果表明:调查到植物共有210种,隶属79科151属,草本层物种数多于灌木层。草本层的五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)、芒萁(Dicranop?teris pedata)和灌木层的野牡丹(Melastoma malabathricum)、戟叶悬钩子(Rubus hastifolius)在不同林龄下都占据主要优势地位。随着林龄的增大,郁闭度加大,灌木层的D、H和H′值均表现为先增后减的规律;草本层D、H和H′值均呈先增后减再增再减的双峰趋势。草本层各生物量呈先增后减再增的变化趋势;灌木层各生物量呈先增后减的变化趋势。物种多样性与生物量呈显著正相关,草本层的D、H指数是影响生物量的直接因子。桉树人工林林下植被物种分布、组成、物种多样性和生物量对林龄变化的响应不同,表现为不同的动态特征规律,相关结果为我国西南地区桉树林管理提供了数据支撑。     

Cluster root development in Grevillea robusta (Proteaceae). I. Xylem, pericycle, cortex, and epidermis development in a determinate root

The cluster roots of Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. are composed of determinate rootlets that stop growing, but remain physiologically active for several months. Their apical organization, both before and after maturation, was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. Each cell layer forms a dome, with an initial cell at its end. Xylem elements form a complicated triarch array at the base of the rootlet, passing along the rootlet as two files, and then joining at the tip to form a single file, surrounded by six pericycle cells. At the base of the rootlet, shorter xylem cells and thick-walled support cells are visible. A root cap, present in rootlets grown in vermiculite, was eventually displaced by root hair growth. Rootlets grown in Hoagland's solution lacked root caps and were significantly shorter than those grown in vermiculite. Cell fate was analysed in terms of cell position and is discussed in terms of pattern and development.